Christmas past Essay Example for Free

Christmas past EssayThe fog and darkness thickened so, that populate ran out with flaring links And The ancient tower of a church, whose severe old bell was always peeping slily down at boor out of a gothic window in the wall, became invisible This sums up peasant, dark and dull, and sets the mise en scene for the events that are to follow. The weather is essentially used to make the picture mysterious and dismal, and foretells the proceedings in the remainder of the novel. The second ghost whom we witness is the ghost of Christmas past.Its facial features arent quite distinguishable as it looks equal a young child and an old man at the same time. It was a strange figure like a child yet not so like a child as like an old man, viewed through some supernatural average This may be because it resembles memories, which are also distorted and blurry. He shows Scrooge as a child, and Scrooges sheds tears at the sight of himself missing out on the fun, sitting in a corner readi ng a book. Scrooge sat down upon a form, and wept to see his poor forgotten self as he used to be. The ghost of Christmas past also manages to show Scrooge his sister and former employer and how nice they are. He is trying to show Scrooge what a real Employer and uncle should act like. The third ghost that appears is the ghost of Christmas present. This is once again a warning ghost a ghost who is there to warn Scrooge of what his actions are doing to separate people. The ghost of Christmas present takes Scrooge to see other people who are less fortunate than him further still manage to be jolly and enjoy what they have at Christmas time.The spirit accompanies Scrooge to the hearthstone of Bob Cratchit, Scrooges clerk. Scrooge pays Bob a very low salary but the Cratchit family still manage to enjoy Christmas and make the or so of what they do have even though they have a sick son, Tiny Tim, who will most likely die. Scrooge looks at the family, and becomes attached to Tiny Tim, and the fact that he is so ill, has a huge effect on Scrooge. Scrooge was touched in the same way as the reader is by Tiny Tim. Even Tiny Tim, excited by the two young Cratchits, beat on the slacken with the handle of his knife, and feebly cried Hurrah Scrooge wants to know more about Tiny Tim. Say he will be spared. The Spirit also repeats Scrooges linguistic communication to him that he said to some portly gentlemen collecting for the poor, Scrooge had said If he is going to die hed better hurry up and do it and pass the surplus population. Scrooge feels extremely guilty at having his own words thrown back at him, and he realises he needs to be kinder and carry Bob a rise in salary. The last spirit to visit Scrooge is the Ghost of Christmas yet to come. This spirit is very different to the Ghost of Christmas present.It is oft more frightening in manner and appearance and is the genus of ghost you might expect to find in an archetypal ghost story. Like all the other spirits, he is described in tremendous detail, but in a slightly different way to the others. The others were definitely inspiring, but the last one is shrouded in mystery and the classic tension and atmosphere starts to build-up. The spirit is said to be shrouded in a deep black garment, which concealed its head, its face, its form, and left nothing of it visible, ease one outstretched hand. This description portrays the ghost as being gloomy and mysterious. The spirit reveals how things will turn out if Scrooge does not change. He shows Scrooge the death of a young, helpless child, Bob Cratchits son, Tiny Tim. He also shows him what things will be like after he dies if he doesnt change. This ghost shows what people thought of Scrooge too. He frightened every one away from him when he was alive, to profit us when he was dead. Others were pleased about his death. It was a happier house for this mans death There are some men talking in the street about Scrooges death. One said, What has he done with his money. I havent heard, replied the other left-hand(a) it to his company, perhaps. He hasnt left it to me. Thats all I know. These comments just go to show how much the general public despised Scrooge. Dickens uses the three spirits to go through his life and show the real Ebenezer Scrooge, not the grumpy, rich and sinful one. He also wants to show that inside every typical rich piece being, there is a true person it just takes something to bring it out.

The Three Major Security Threats in Healthcare Essay Example for Free

The Three Major Security Threats in Healthcargon EssayNowadays Doctors and Nurses has several mobile devices in order to put forward patient role care. Virtualization is very important in providing adequate and affordable patient care in the rural health industry. Attempts to breach protective cover happen every day in our office staff. Preventing cyber-attacks and security breaches is a never ending battle in web security.IntroductionI am an IT professional focusing on communicate security in the healthcare industry. Every day we monitor the net income for phishing/pharming, DoS attacks, Trojans, and other security breaches. liquid Devices, virtualization and lackadaisical end- workoutrs are the biggest threats to network security. Mobile DevicesAn article in GCN says it best, Mobile devices are ubiquitous in todays society, and the number and types of devices used by physicians, nurses, clinicians, specialists, administrators and staff as well as patients and visitors is growing at healthcare agencies across the country. Nowadays Doctors and Nurses has several mobile devices in order to provide patient care.Cellph unrivalleds, laptops, and tablets are of the norm. I adviset remember the closing curtain time I had a doctors visit and the doctor didnt update my chart using a laptop or tablet. only of these wireless devices make the network vulnerable. In my opinion wireless security has always been the hardest part of the network to protect because there isnt a carnal connection that can be monitored. End-users dont always use secure passwords or they share passwords.At our agency an employee is not allowed to bring in a mobile device other than a personal cellphone to the workplace in order to reduce security breaches. The Office of Management and Budget, private Identity Verification cards had been issued to 3.75 million federal employees as of Dec. 1, 2010, or 80 percent of the government workforce, and to 76 percent of contractors who ar e eligible to use the cards, about 885,000 contractors.My agency uses Personal Identity Verification or PIV cards to gain access to wired devices on the network unfortunately that is not the trip for wireless devices. Although we have two-party authentication in place for all devices it would be nice to have tertiary layer much(prenominal) as a smart card or PIV card for wireless devices. I dont foresee a solution happening for a few long time due to the cost in an already financially burdened healthcare system.It is true that a reliance on off-the-shelf products means that there give be no PIV card readers available for workers signing on to check e-mail or read a document while out of the office. VirtualizationThe agency I work for specializes in rural healthcare therefore often they dont have the equipment or the staffing to complete tasks such as reading X-rays, providing behavioral health etc. Over the years we have had to implement Telehealth in order to meet these require ments.A patient in rural manganese may have his or her x-rays read by a physician in Billings, Montana. An individual may have weekly counseling sessions with a head-shrinker that is 500 miles away. Nowadays most healthcare companies use electronic health records to access patient information. Denial of Service DoS attacks happen when a navvy manages to overload a server to render it useless.A DoS attack is prevalent and damaging in virtualized environments and can preventsthe physicians and nurses from retrieving a patients information. If they are unable to access patient history to include what medications they are on or what they may be allergic to etc then they are unable to provide or give the wrong patient care which could be deadly. Therefore virtualization is very important in providing adequate and affordable patient care in the rural health industry.End-UsersOur agency has requisite computer security and security training every year in an effort to preempt attacks on t he network. This mandatory training is required to be taken by every employee including the IT segment. Attempts to breach security happen every day in our agency. Although we have security measures in place we have to constantly educate our end users on how to handle suspicious activity, password safety etc.Unfortunately there is always that one person that opens a suspicious email or shares their password or loses their token or PIV card and they dont report it. This makes the network vulnerable. I have always believed that end users are a companys biggest security risk. Allowing end users to access social media, personal email etc can allow for viruses to infect PCs servers etc. Once a virus is in the network it pull up stakes spread like wildfire which will cripple the network. PreventionWe use a lot of tools to constantly monitor the network to prevent DoS attacks, viruses, packet sniffing, phishing etc. We have implemented Websense as a means of policing what websites an end -user can surf to.We have firewalls in place to prevent end-users as well as outsiders from having access to IP ranges on our network as well as outside the network. We use access list on the routers as another layer of protection. We have penetration testers in our department whose only purpose is to look for packet sniffing and holes in the network.We have another group that monitors suspicious activity on the network such as a spike in bandwidth or an IP that is sending or receiving a large amount of information for specific length of time. Preventing cyber-attacks and security breaches is a never ending battle in network security. ConclusionHealthcare news states that Healthcare is driving the need for network security solutions that can cover multiple types of devices and infrastructure components. Although we are largely driven by the Federal Communications Commission and HIPPAA my department is constantly implementing new devices and measures to secure the network and protect patient and employee information. This takes constant training and a lot of due diligence to accomplish that goal.ReferencesAre mobile devices already making PIV cards obsolescent? Retrieved on October 13, 2013 from http//gcn.com/articles/2011/03/11/piv-status-update.aspx PIV Cards are in the hands of most federal employees and contractors, Retrieved on October 13, 2013 from http//gcn.com/articles/2011/03/11/piv-status-update.aspxTop Five Security Threats in Healthcare, Retrieved on October 14, 2013 from http//www.healthcareitnews.com/news/top-5-security-threats-healthcare

Kappa Agonists in Management of Pain and Opioid Addiction

Kappa Agonists in Management of suffering and Opioid AddictionJoseph NguyenAbstractHypothesis Opiates mediate perturb via opioid receptors, which be of several subtypes. One subtype, the kappa opioid receptors (KOR), has to a fault been shown to encumber addictive doings. Potential novel therapeutic compounds acting on KOR include U50488, CR665, and CR845. It is hypothesized that acquireive kappa opioid receptor agonists argon effective at controlling disorder while managing opioid addiction.Methods Studies for this review were obtained through the PubMed database victimisation a keyword reckon st sternegy. exclusively articles in English published from declination 2006 until December 2016 were considered.Results Kappa agonists argon able to lower incitive, visceral, and surgical suffer, but argon unable to inhibit behaviour-depressing aspects of pain. Kappa agonists also decrease sphere of influence potential and long- limit potentiation in the basolateral amygdala. Additive anti-nociception with mu opioids has been observed as puff up as decreased fentanyl use, morphine tolerance development, and morphine withdrawal symptoms.Conclusions Kappa agonists can be effective analgesics while also preventing abuse and addiction to mu opioids. Some severalize also suggests kappa agonist activity in the basolateral amygdala can inhibit affective comp one and only(a)nts of pain.Abstract Word look at 175Keywords kappa agonist, pain, analgesia, anti-nociception, tolerance, colony, withdrawal, addictionUltramini Abstract This study reviewed current research on the analgesic and anti-addictive properties of s elective course kappa agonists for their use in pain management while preventing addiction. establishmentOpioids be one of the most powerful analgesics available with an increasing trend of prescription in the United States. Prescriptions per capita gaind 7.3% from 2007-2012 with 259 million prescriptions in 2012, enough for one bottle of opioid s per adult (Dowell et al., 2016). On the other hand, use of opioids presents risks including dependence, abuse, addiction, and over superman which lead to negative health, social and economically impacts. From 1999 to 2014, over 165,000 people befuddle died from opioid overdose and in 2013 an estimated 1.9 million people abused or were dependent on prescribed opioids (Dowell, Haegerich Chou, 2016). However, pain daintinessment should not be ignored as there are clinical, psychological, and social consequences associated with chronic pain including limitations in complex activities, lost work productivity, decreased quality of life, and stigma, emphasizing the importance of appropriate and compassionate patient solicitude (Dowell et al., 2016).The CDC has recently released a guideline, aimed at primary care settings, suggesting prescriptive protocols as well as rules to evaluate risk of patient substance abuse and addiction. However, the volume of tell apart reviewed by the guideline had significant limitations. Although the CDC guideline still has value in preventing exacerbation of pre-existing risk of abuse, results and implementation re principal(prenominal) to be seen.Efforts accept been made to deter abuse through novel medicate formulations, barriers, and pharmacokinetics. Nevertheless, nothing can prevent an prone person from taking multiple doses at once. This whitethorn be a result of the inherent nature of the drugs to activate reward pathways in the brain along with its analgesic effects though mu receptors. Another opioid receptor, kappa-opioid receptor (KOR), has been shown to limit motivational properties of drug abuse (Lalanne, Ayranci, Keiffer Lutz, 2014). This has sparked interest in development of kappa agonists as novel analgesics with low abuse potential. Examples of cognise selective kappa agonists include U50488, CR665, and CR845 among many a(prenominal) others including those continuing to be developed. However, questions still remain about analgesic efficaciousness and complications for patients already addicted to mu opioids transitioning to kappa agonists. This literature review explores the anti-nociceptive efficacy of kappa agonists and their ability to manage opioid addicted patients.Balancing adequate pain control with risk of future abuse has been a difficult endeavour for physicians as well as patients. This topic was elect to investigate the possibility of a potent pain medication without addictive properties as an alternative to traditional mu opioids. Surely, this would be a major instrument in the treatment of chronic pain. This study will be done under the hypothesis that kappa agonists are effective in management of pain and opioid addiction.MethodsA search was performed for published literature on PubMed. Search terms were selected to assess analgesic properties and anti-addiction properties of kappa agonists on opiate use (Table 1). The search terms used included pain, chronic pain , kappa opioid, kappa agonist, pain control, anti-nociception, withdrawal, dependence, addiction, and tolerance. This study looked at articles in English published between December 2006 and December 2016. Articles of all levels of distinguish were considered and included review, preclinical, and clinical data. The initial search produced 574 results. These resources were thereforely screened with the following exclusion criteria articles not involving kappa agonists/receptors, articles on opioids without kappa receptor selectivity, articles on opioids with dual agonist activity, articles on kappa agonist interaction with drugs that were not analgesics. Abstract reviews of the remaining articles were performed to select for articles on analgesic efficacy or anti-addictive properties of selective kappa agonists. The resulting collection of evidence was organized into an evidence table (Appendix).Table 1-Keyword Search StrategyPopulation encumbranceComparisonOutcomePainORChronic Pai nKappa opioidORKappa agonistAnalgesiaORAnalgesicORPain controlORAntinociceptionORAnti-nociceptionORWithdrawalORDependenceORAddictionORToleranceResultsA final total of 11 articles were included in this study, the bulk being sentient being studies on mice or rats. One study involved rhesus monkeys. There was one study that involved a human clinical trial. Also, there was one review using human clinical trials focused only on peripherally selective kappa agonists.Table 2-Summary of Study frames ReviewedStudy Design of StudiesAnimal Models9Clinical Trials1Review1Analgesic EfficacyAn living organism study by Auh and Ro (2012) induced inflammation in rat hindpaws with injections of complete Freunds adjuvant. After 3 days, when mechanical hyperalgesia was well developed, local injections of kappa agonist U50488 were given at different doses and mechanical threshold for hindpaw withdraw chemical reaction was measured. The results showed dose-dependent increase in mechanical threshold by local injections of U50488 (Auh Ro, 2012). A time effect was also observed where increasing doses of U50488 prolonged the anti-hyperalgesia effect.The role of kappa opioids in inflammatory pain was also studied by Moon et al. (2016) in a research on the effects of peripheral kappa opioid receptors and arthritic pain. Arthritis was induced in rats using 1% -carrageenan injected into the knee. After nociceptive behaviour was maximally expressed (reduced weight-bearing in ipsilateral joint), U50488 was injected into affected joints. A two-way repeated-measure ANOVA showed significant recovery of reduced weight-bearing in the affected limb in comparison to saline. In increment to hold nociceptive behaviour, U50488 was also found to reduce mechanosensitive afferent nerve reference activity in the carrageenan-induced inflamed knee using nerve recording techniques.Aside from inflammatory pain relief by U50488, the peripheral kappa opioid CR665 was found to importantly increase pain th reshold to esophageal distension in a study by Arendt-Nielsen et al. (2009). This randomized, double blinded, controlled study compared the effects of CR665 against oxycodone on skin, muscle, and visceral pain stimulation in healthy males. Although CR665 increased pain threshold to esophageal distension, oxycodone had the same effect with addition to increased pain threshold to cutaneous jot pain, cuff pressure pain, and thermal stimulation.A number of other clinical trials, on peripheral kappa agonist CR845, were reviewed by Albert-Vartanian et al. (2016). A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study was conducted on elective hysterectomy patients for analgesic efficacy before and after the procedure, using a 10 cm visual analog scale for measurement of pain intensity. If pain persisted after 24 hours, rescue medication (IV morphine) was given. Significant engagements were observed in comparison to patients who only received placebo. Less use of rescue medication as we ll as a 2-fold decrease in pain intensity was found in patients that received CR845 before and after the surgery.Albert-Vartanian et al. (2016) also discussed a phase 2, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial in patients electing bunionectomy surgery with fentanyl as rescue medication. Over a 48 hour period, pain was measured regularly using a visual analog scale. The study used a sum of pain intensity difference from baseline levels over 24 hours (SPID0-24) as a measurement for efficacy along with SPID0-36 and SPID0-48. In patients who completed the study, there was a statistically significant reduction in SPID0-24 and SPID0-48 in those treated with CR845 compared to placebo. However, there was no significant difference in the modified intent-to-treat group.In another phase 2 trial, patients with moderate to severe osteoarthritis pain (4 out of an 11 point scale) were given an oral form of CR845 with acetaminophen as a rescue drug over 2 weeks (Albert-Vartani an, 2016). A dose-dependent reduction in average pain score of 25-34% was observed. Among patients receiving the highest dose of CR845, 50% had a reduction of 30% in their reported pain score at the end of the 2 weeks with an 80% reduction in indispensableness for acetaminophen.Analgesic Efficacy with Other Measures of PainAside from sensory components of pain, there are affective and behavioural components of pain as well. An electrophysiological experiment conducted by Huge, Rammes, Beyer, Zieglgansberger, Azad (2009) looked at the effects of kappa opioid receptors activation on mice basolateral amygdala, an area of the brain that is involved in pain processing and pain memory formation. The field potential amplitudes were measured at baseline and under induced long-term potentiation using high frequency stimulation and the effects of kappa agonist U50488H were studied. The experiment found that U50488H decreased baseline levels of field potential amplitude as seen in Figure 1, while these effects were inhibited by kappa receptor antagonist norbinaltorphimine (nor-BNI).Figure 1. Effects of Kappa Agonist and obstructionist on Field Potential Amplitude of Mice Amygdala. Baseline (BL) 1000.5% U50488H 86.32.4%, nor-BNI 1004.2%. Data points show average field potential (FP) Standard Error. Reproduced from Huge et al., 2009, p. 125. introductory application of U50488H before high frequency stimulation was also found to inhibit induction of long term potentiation (Figure 2) in comparison to long term potentiation induction with no drug (Figure 3).Figure 2. Effect of Kappa Agonist Pre-treatment on High absolute frequency Stimulated Long Term Potentiation of Mice Amygdala. U50488H 1004.1% High frequency Stimulation (HFS) 102.67%. Data points show average field potential (FP) Standard Error. Reproduced from Huge et al., 2009, p. 126.Figure 3. Long Term Potentiation Produced by High Frequency Stimulation. Baseline (BL) 1002%, High Frequency Stimulation (HFS) 1194 %. Data points show average field potential (FP) Standard Error. Reproduced from Huge et al., 2009, p. 126.Although pain-stimulated behaviours are often used as a measure of pain, such as a withdrawal or writhing response, complementary measures are behaviours that diminish in the presence of pain stimuli (Negus, OConnell, Morrissey, Cheng Rice, 2011, p. 506-507). An experiment by Negus et al. (2011) studied the effects of peripheral and primaeval kappa agonists compared to ketoprofen on rats trained to evoke intracranial self-stimulation using a lever, a behaviour that is depressed by pain. Intraperitoneal lactic acid injection acted as a pain-inducing stimulus, with a stretch response being a pain-stimulated behaviour to contrast with the pain-depressed behaviour of intracranial self-stimulation. It was found that the central kappa agonist (salvinorin A), peripheral kappa agonists (ffir and ICI204448), and ketoprofen all inhibited lactic acid induced stretching. However, only k etoprofen inhibited lactic acid induced depression of intracranial self-stimulation. Salvinorin A had actually increased depression of intracranial self-stimulation while ffir and ICI204448 had no appreciable effect. resembling results were found when Negus et al. used depression of nesting in mice as a measure of pain (2015). Kappa agonist U69593 failed to both inhibit and reverse depression of nesting induced by intraperitoneal lactic acid and intraplantar complete Freunds adjuvant (Figure 4A 4B). However, 1-way ANOVA analysis (pFigure 4A 4B). U69593 was shown to actually depress nesting when administered independently (Figure 4C) and this effect was not able to be reversed by neither ketoprofen nor morphine (Figure 4D).Figure 4. Effects of Ketoprofen, Morphine, and U69593 on Nesting under Different Conditions. embellish A Nesting depressed by intraperitoneal administration of 0.32% lactic acid. Panel B Nesting depressed by intraplantar administration of complete Freunds adjuva nt. Panel C Nesting under no treatment. Panel D Nesting depressed by U69593. Nesting represented as the number of zones cleared of nesting material. V represents drug vehicle only. Darkened points represent significant difference from drug vehicle under given condition. Reproduced from Negus et al., 2015, p. 18. Interactions with Mu OpioidsThere is evidence suggesting kappa agonists have anti-addictive effects (Lalanne et al., 2014). However, it is important to evaluate the effects of kappa opioids in concurrent use with mu opioids. A study on interactions of fentanyl and U69593 in rhesus monkeys showed a decrease in the rate of drug self-administration when the kappa agonist was added to fentanyl compared to fentanyl alone (Negus, Schrode Stevenson, 2008). This effect increased with greater proportions of U69593 in the mixture (Figure 5). Using a conditioned response for provender as a measurement for activity, both fentanyl and U69593 alone depressed the behaviour while mixture s showed a less than bilinear effect. Furthermore, at the lowest proportion tried and true (0.221 U69593/fentanyl), U69593 reduced the behaviour depressing effects of fentanyl.Figure 5. Rate of Self-Administration of Fentanyl vs. Dose of Fentanyl, U69593, or Mixture. Reproduced from Negus et al., 2008.Negus et al. also demonstrated additive thermal anti-nociception, using darkness withdrawal threshold from heated water, with the fentanyl/U69593 mixtures at all proportions tested (2008). More evidence of additive effects of kappa and mu opioids was shown by Sakakihara, Imamachi, Saito using a similar method in mice (2016). Intrathecal injection of kappa agonist TRK-820 combined with morphine resulted in a substantiveer anti-nociceptive effect compared to morphine alone. Compared to morphine alone, kappa agonists also have benefits regarding the development of tolerance.It is well known that repeated use of mu opioids quickly develops tolerance. The addition of a kappa agonist ha s been shown to inhibit the development of tolerance to morphine (Hamabe, Yamane, Harada Tokuyama, 2008). Mice treated daily with subcutaneous morphine for 5 days developed reduced analgesia from morphine from days 3 to 5. However, daily administration of kappa agonist U50488H 5 minutes after injection of morphine rarefy the onset of tolerance (Figure 6). Additionally, pre-treatment of kappa receptor antagonist nor-BNI inhibited the tolerance-blocking activity of U50488H.Figure 6. Effect of Kappa Agonist U50488H on Morphine Tolerance. Each point show centre standard error. AUC Area under curve. PAlthough U50488H inhibited the development of tolerance it was unable to inhibit morphine withdrawal (Tao et al., 2008). However, Tao et al. demonstrated that another kappa agonist, LPK-26, may be able to. Chronic doses of morphine, kappa agonist (LPK-26 or U50488H), or both were administered to mice over 5 days and induction of withdrawal was achieved by subcutaneous injection of nalox one 2 hours after the final dose of morphine. Chronic treatment with LPK-26 did not produce a withdrawal response. However, chronic treatment with morphine produced a strong withdrawal response in the form of withdrawal jumping. Furthermore, chronic treatment with morphine along with pre-treatment with LPK-26 had a significant reduction in withdrawal response in a dose dependent manner (Figure 7A). Body weight was also measured before and after naloxone withdrawal induction (Figure 7B). Only LPK-26 showed significant reduction of morphine-induced weight loss.Figure 7. Effects of LPK-26 and U50488H on Withdrawal Jumping and Weight Loss. Data set shown as mean standard error. Reproduced from Tao et al., 2008, p.310. give-and-takeAnalgesic Efficacy of Kappa OpioidsSide effects of selective kappa agonists mainly stem from its activity in the central nervous system. These side effects are the main hindrance for pharmacologic use of kappa opioids and include dizziness, dysphoria, confusi on, sedation, hallucinations, diuresis, and even psychotic symptoms at high doses (Walsh, Strain, Abreu, Bigelow, 2001). Strategies to minimize these unwanted effects revolve around limiting the activity of kappa agonists to peripheral sites of action. Local injections have been shown to reduce inflammatory pain in animal frameworks through reduced activity of afferent nerve fibres (Auh Ro, 2012 Moon et al., 2016). Although the analgesic results mentioned were expressage to animal lessons, in humans, intravenous administration of peripherally selective formulation CR665 also shows evidence of analgesia for visceral and surgical pain (Arendt-Nielsen et al., 2009 Albert-Vartanian et al., 2016). Furthermore, oral formulations CR665 have been shown to reduce inflammatory osteoarthritic pain in humans (Albert-Vartanian et al., 2016). Continued pain treatment is required if kappa opioids are to be considered as an alternative to mu opioids and research shows viability of kappa opioids in different formulations and routes of administration for the treatment of pain in traditional measures.The components of pain include affective elements as well, which is especially important in chronic pain. Pain affect is comprised of the unpleasant emotions associated with pain as well the emotions towards future implications of having chronic pain. The latter is based on reflections of pain memory and is known as lower-ranking pain affect. As a consequence, chronic pain states can lead to depression and anxiety, which lowers well-being and quality of life (Price, 2000). The amygdala is a crucial structure in the brain involved in emotional learning, pain processing, and constructing of pain memories (Huge et al., 2009). Kappa opioids are able to reduce the activity and inhibit long-term potentiation in the basolateral amygdala. As long-term potentiation is considered a cellular model for learning and memory formation, kappa opioids may be able to prevent or extinguish pain memory and treat affective components of pain. However, this experiment, at the moment, is limited to mice and offerd study is required to assess whether the results can be translated to human. Furthermore, these results may be callable to structurally specific central actions on the amygdala as other studies show evidence of dysphoric effects from central kappa opioid receptor activation (Lalanne et al., 2014).Although kappa agonists have regularly been shown to provide analgesia in assays using pain-stimulated behaviours as measurements of pain, there is contrast when pain-depressed behaviours are observed instead. Pain-depressed behaviours are behaviours that are decreased due to pain. Some examples that have been tested in animal models are feeding, movement, and reinforced behaviours. In humans, it is analogous to mood or functionality. When pain-depressed behaviours are studied, not only do centrally active kappa agonists fail to relieve pain of this aspect, they may worsen it (Negus et al., 2012 Negus et al., 2015). It should be noted that peripherally active kappa agonists relieve pain in pain-stimulated assays without affecting pain in pain-depressed assays and may be safer than centrally active kappa agonists (Negus et al., 2011). In comparison to kappa opioids, conventional analgesics such as mu opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs do relieve such components of pain in addition to pain-stimulated behaviours (Negus et al., 2011 Negus et al., 2015). raze so, kappa agonist still have value as they have been shown to reduce pain in human trials as discussed previously. The studies on pain-depressed behaviours have limitations to animal models and further studies are needed to understand how clinically relevant the effects may be for humans.Managing AddictionSome of the major problems of using mu opioids for pain control are the development of tolerance, dependence, and drug abuse, which may all contribute to addiction. Although there are many other drugs that also relieve pain, the difficulty lies in managing addiction at the same time. Kappa agonists, aside from having low abuse potential, have been shown to decrease self-administration of fentanyl in animal models (Negus et al., 2008). These results are promising evidence for kappa agonists being agents to prevent opioid abuse. Also, kappa agonists have additive analgesic effects with mu opioids (Negus et al., 2008 Sakakihara et al., 2016). This possibly reduces the amount of mu opioid required for effective pain management while also reducing addiction and abuse liability due to less use.Increased usage of mu opioids may be due to the development of tolerance, requiring increased dosage to maintain analgesia. The high addictive potential of mu opioids makes this a concerning issue. However, addition of kappa agonists during administration of mu opioids may be able to significantly inhibit the development of tolerance (Hamabe et al., 2008). It may be possible to prevent the development of physical dependence and addiction to mu opioids by adding kappa agonists to drug regimens of chronic pain patients.As for those who are already affected by physical dependence on mu opioids, there is evidence that kappa opioids can inhibit withdrawal symptoms and reduce dependence (Tao et al., 2008). However, some kappa agonists, such as U50488H, do not have any significant effect. It has been suggested that the inconsistency may be due to varying affinities for different subtypes of kappa opioid receptors. Nonetheless, this study demonstrates potential for kappa agonists in managing opioid addiction through modulating dependence and withdrawal. Future studies may provide better pinch on subtype functions and improve designs for desired effects while minimize side effects. Also, as the studies regarding kappa agonist interaction with mu opioids are mainly done on animal models, further investigation is required to see whether results can be extended to hu mans.One important point to distinguish is non-selective versus peripherally selective kappa agonists. As mentioned previously, activation of kappa receptors in the central nervous system can lead to many side effects. Peripherally selective kappa agonists still produces analgesia, but it is uncertain whether the effects of the kappa agonists on abuse, tolerance, and dependence are due to central or peripheral activity. If these effects are due to central activity, the benefits of kappa agonists for addiction management will be limited by their undesired side effects. Still, in a study involving a peripherally selective kappa agonist and its effects on nicotine, there is some evidence suggesting that activation of peripheral kappa receptors do inhibit symptoms of withdrawal and dependence by inhibiting activity of central kappa receptors.ConclusionIn conclusion, this study found that selective kappa agonists provide analgesia to inflammatory, visceral, and surgical pain. In contrast , they were not effective inhibitors of behaviour-depressing effects of pain. Specific activities of kappa receptors in the basolateral amygdala, however, may inhibit affective components of pain. In managing addiction, kappa agonists may able to prevent mu opioid abuse, prevent the development of tolerance, inhibit the symptoms of withdrawal, and reduce physical dependence. The additive effect with mu opioids and the inhibition of tolerance development can reduce the required amount of mu opioids for effective analgesia, thus reducing abuse and addiction likelihood. Overall, selective kappa agonists are a good prospect for managing pain while combating opioid abuse and addiction.AppendixEvidence Table offshoot AuthorDate of PublicationStudy DesignLevel of EvidenceStudy PopulationTherapy or ExposureOutcome/ResultsAlbert-Vartanian2016Review1 mercifulCR845CR845 reduced pain with less abuse potentialArendt-Nielsen2009Clinical trial1Healthy malesCR665, OxycodoneCR665 is effective on vis ceral painAuh2012Animal model0RatsU-50488Local kappa agonist attenuated inflammatory mechanical hyperalgesiaHamabe2008Animal model0MiceMorphine, U-50488HAnalgesic tolerance to morphine is prevented by U-50488H through curtailment of PKCHuge2009Animal model0MiceU-50488HActivation of kappa receptors decrease synaptic transmission and long term potentiation in the amygdalaMoon2016Animal model0RatsU-50488, Nor-BNIU-50488 inhibits nociception in arthritic knee joints of ratsNegus2008Animal Model0Rhesus MonkeyFentanyl, U69593Addition of kappa agonist to fentanyl demonstrated additive anti-nociception and decreased drug self administrationNegus2011Animal Model0RatsFfir, ICI204448,Salvinorin AKappa agonists do not inhibit pain-depressed behavioursNegus2015Animal model0MiceMorphine, Ketoprofen, U69593Morphine/Ketoprofen inhibited pain-depressed behaviours whereas U69593 failed to do soSakakihara2016Animal Model0MiceMorphine, TRK-820,Nor-BNIAddition of kappa agonist to morphine may have addi tive anti-nociceptive effectsTao2008Animal Model0MiceMorphine, LPK-26,U50488HLPK-26 is a potent analgesic with low dependence and inhibits morphine withdrawal

The Passionate Shepherd to His Love Analysis

The Passionate sheepman to His Love abbreviationLove is not quickIs ones eager delight in and admiration enough to last forever? So Marlowes Passionate Shepherd To His Love would think so. On the other hand, capital of North Carolinas houri Reply To The Shepherd would confidently disagree, as she does not believes his hasty row. Marlowe writes a naive, rash, and rather bold poetry which attempts to confess his feelings and paints a picture of what love could be. He fills the goatvas with dream like scenery and promising lyric of materialistic items to win ones affection. Raleighs response in Nymph prompts the reader to determine reasoning and a sense of reality that contrasts with Marlowes words of the Shepherd.In Passionate Shepherd To His Love, Marlowes style for the poem is pastoral. He seems to glorify the simplicity of life and idealize a holy world by utilizing nature to create his utopian scene. In the lines And we get out sit upon the rocks, Seeing the sheepmans fe ed their flocks,(Marlowe 777) he portrays an innocent notion of affection by simply admiring other shepherds feeding sheep a languishside his love. The authors soft-spoken line,By shallow rivers, to whose falls Melodious birds sing madrigals,(Marlowe 777) illustrates spending time by the river with waterfalls as birds sing melodies. These are one of many naive illusions the shepherd attempts to charm his love with.Marlowes shepherd is filled with nothing merely eager promises that are not realistic. The shepherd seeks love, to that degree is first confined to proving his worth. In beginning, Marlow speaks of practical promises such as, A cap of flowers and kirtle Embroidered all with leave of myrtle A gown make of the finest wool Which from our exquisite lambs we pull (Marlowe 777). The pastoral style and the earthy feeling of nature are still visible when he speaks of flowers being made caps and skirts made of leaves. His practical promises speedily shift into unattainable on es as he begins to sound desperate as he states, A belt ammunition of straw and ivy buds, With Coral clasp and atomic number 79 studs (Marlowe 777) The work of a shepherd cannot gather such raw items, as they are both too costly for him and as well rare in the countryside. The poem is filled with open-ended promises where, in a perfect world, it would be enough to win the affection someones love.In the Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd, Raleigh is straightforward when addressing the shepherd. He uses the words and stanzas in a ruthless way, utilizing them in such a manner of deliberation and precision, that it sets the tone of a distinct response to Marlowe. The feminine persona of the houri sets up hypothetical questions that disregard mans impulses of transitory promises.Raleigh begins by speaking of a naive world with a skeptical shepherd and his kind gestures that may win the affection of the nymph. Similar to Marlowe, who incorporates nature in his writing, Raleigh exploits the idea of the outdoors by expressing flawless responses. In the first example, Time drives the flocks from field to fold, When Rivers passion and Rocks grow cold(Raleigh 782). Raleigh puts an end to the simple gazing of flocking sheep, as its time for them to be put away, and the rocks growing cold insist a change in weather. In line 6, the stressed emphasis of R and its combined clashing sound supports the harsh distinction of Raleighs nature. Rather than Marlowes safe and consistent shallow stream, Raleigh illustrates a raging river that can be dangerous and destructive. The overall idea expressed in line 5 and 6 is that small effects dont last forever and do quick-hearted decisions will eventually lead to a negative outcome.As both authors integrate nature in their pieces, the differences in season describe a normal feeling to each poem. Marlowe speaks of beautiful valleys, hills, groves, beds of roses, and alluring mountainsides, therefore the reader can assume the season as s pring. Raleigh, however, expresses practicality, using winter to illustrate that, just as spring, love is not always everlasting. He depicts this in Lines 9 and 10, The flowers do fade, and wanton fields, To wayward winter reckoning yields(Raliegh 782).The over all message that Raleigh is trying to convey can be expressed with in two lines, A honey tongue, a heart of gall, Is fancys spring, but sorrows fall,(782) he stating that if someones only chooses to see the short cheer of love, over a long-term commitment, it will only lead in unhappiness.Marlowes theme suggests carpe diem, or to catch the day, as Raleigh exercises both carpe diem and tempus fugit, to seize the time. A better explanation of this is better expressed by Dr. Bruce Magee who explains that, Normally we should seize the day because time flies. Raleigh argues that because time flies, we should NOT seize the day.(Magee) This is a concurring statement because instead of making impulsive decisions in life, one should wait to evaluate possible outcomes before determining a remarkable choice. As Shakespeare once said, Wisely and slow. They stumble that run fast (Shakespeare 4).Work CitedKirszner, Laurie G., and Stephen R. Mandell. Portable literature reading, reacting, writing. Boston, MA Cengage Learning, 2016. Print.Magee, Bruce. The Passionate Shepherd to His Love (and the Nymphs Reply). The Passionate Shepherd to His Love (and the Nymphs Reply). Louisiana Tech University, 08 Aug. 2014. Web. 27 Feb. 2017.Wiegle, Matt, and William Shakespeare. No fear Shakespeare. New York Sparknotes, 2008. Print.The Passionate Shepherd To His Love AnalysisThe Passionate Shepherd To His Love AnalysisThe passionate shepherd to his love is a poem written by Christopher Marlowe of love promises from a shepherd to his potential buff set in a pastoral community. The shepherd is trying to convince a maiden to become his lover through romantic words that reveal their community as the outstrip place to nurture their love. He is also ready to do everything in his power to please and make her happy if she heeds to his pleas. The shepherd is eager to cease the moment and have her love in the present situation (Payne John 714). The poem uses the word passionate to show the strong sexual urges that the shepherd has towards his object of desire. end-to-end the poem, there are numerous promises and pleas by the shepherd but the maiden neither appears nor responds to his statements. The shepherd is convinced that all their pleasures will begin when she decides to live with him as his love.Summary of the stanzasIn the first stanza, we are acquainted with an unidentified shepherd who appeals to a adult female to join him by living together. He promises her ultimate pleasure if she agrees to live with him. There is no mention of marriage but just the will to accommodate her in his wife. The way he offers his promises show that the woman is a tough nut to crack, thus he has to make exaggerated and somet imes-impossible pledges. All their adventures are bound to happen in the pastoral settings in the ambience of nature. A common connotation for such an invitation would signify that the shepherd wanted to make love to the unidentified woman. He even suggests the private places such as the valleys, fields, woods, or hills where their love would consume them and they would derive pleasure.In the second stanza, the shepherd is keen to elaborate to the woman the perfect time for their love to bloom. The way he explains the environment at that time suggests that the season would either be spring or summer. This is because he mentions beautiful grounds where they could sit in comfort wile observance the flocks eating grass (Marlowe 67). The birds will be singing madrigals symbolize springtime as bird signals refer to a new season. The existence of grass also emphasizes on the season and the other shepherds will aid him by feeding his flock. He will seize the free time to spend the moment s with his new lover as they savour the beauty of nature. All these activities in the second stanza will be done after they made love and were reminiscing of the moments they shared.The third stanza culminates into a scenario where the shepherd doubles his efforts of convincing the woman to be his lover. He does this by adding lucrative promises to the initial ones that will entice the woman to follow him to his house. He pledges to set up a variety of beds for her that has a thousand posies. The poem is full of hyperbole since the shepherd is consistent in making impossible and exaggerated promises just to run into the feedback from the woman. He even promises to dress her in magnificent kirtle adorned with other embellishments that will enhance her beauty. The kirtle seems to be a customary dress code but he promises to decorate it to show his appreciation of her acceptance for his love.In the fourth stanza, he is willing to share his easyes with her by adorning her with a gown made of finest wool. He will turn the shearing procedure of obtaining the wool from the sheep into a graceful pulling session. This scenario represents his willingness to put effort into adorning his woman with all the things he can afford, thus the reason why he mentioned slippers made of nothing but pure gold. He continues alluring the woman in stanza five by fetching care of all the tiny detains of her clothes. He talks of coral clasps will act as buttons and her costume will have a straw belt in addition to ivy-buds. He also takes the chance to remind the woman of how pleasurable their love will be if she accepts him. However, he does not go into full point of those pleasures he had aforementioned because in his heart he is convinced that she remembers them.The six and last stanza shows the shepherds last chance on convincing the woman to be his love. He promises her that if she agrees to love him his fellow shepherds referred to as swains will sing and dance in honour of them . He says that every day of their life will be filled with laughter and the shepherds will always sing and dance for them. In the last sentence, he simplifies the magnitude of her decision by simply ask him to come and live with her to enjoy those delights. In the poem, he uses couplets to emphasize his objectives because they use the same line in different stanzas such as the repetition of the words live with me and come be my love.ConclusionThe poem generally shows that it is not easy to get love and sometimes people have to put effort. The shepherd doe not talk of the future or the past but hopes to get the woman in the present. His description about his motives is mainly geared towards hearty his sexuality. He seems to have admired her so much to the extent of wanting her to give up her chastity. In the beginning, one would have thought that this is just a dream of an idle shepherd as he watched his flock but the mention of passion indeed shows there is a woman. The shepherd i s not rich but he is willing to sacrifice whatever little he has to adorn his potential lover with the things he knows she deserves as his lover. He embarks on a journey to convince his lover with the same hard work he ploughs when he caters for his flock (Marlowe 67). He does not mention an aim of having a long time commitment but in the last stanza, he says that every day of their lives will be filled with happiness. This shows that he is willing to nurture his love for the woman to last an eternity if she accepts him. The shepherd portrays a kind of love that innocent and pure yet filled with many erotic fantasies may be because she is the woman he has dreamt of having all his life. Throughout the poem, the shepherd is convinced that all their pleasures will begin when she decides to live with him as his love.

A history of Common Law

A history of Common LawCommon LawIn hostel to be influential, the loveliness is to be professed as both certain and predictable, and also flexible and fair. Specifically, it needs clear rules on the one hand, but flexibility on the other to produce exceptions to cases that lead to apparently incongruous or unjust conclusions if the rules are applied rigidly. loveliness is an essence of principles, doctrines, and rules advanced initially by the address of Chancery in positive competition with the rules, doctrines and principles of the Common Law Courts.The obliteration of the old Court of Chancery and the Common Law Courts, has led to the proposition that the peculiarity between law and equity is now outdated that the two approaches are now fused. On the contrary, the better analysis, is that the common law and equity remain trenchant but mutually dependent features of law they are working in different ways towards the same ends, and it is therefore as wrong to assert the inde pendence of one from the other as it is to assert that there is no variety between them.For a long time, the two structures of common law and equity ran uncomfortably side by side. Until 1615 it was by no means established which one was to prevail in the event of a dispute. Yet, even after that year the repulsion between the two systems continued for a very long time. After the serenityructuring of the English salute system in 1865, it was decided that in the event of a conflict between the common law and true principles, equity must prevail. The Judicature Acts 1873-1975 created one system of courts by amalgamating the common law courts and the courts of equity to take shape the Supreme Court of Judicature which would administer common law and equity. Accordingly the court is now not a Court of Law or a Court of Equity, it is a Court of Complete Jurisdiction.The area of law recognized as Equity developed in England and Wales in the Middle Ages in situations where the modal(a) common law had failed to afford suitable redress. Many legal actions, for example, originated by the issue of a writ but the slightest inaccuracy on the writ would invalidate the replete(p) action. Another inadequacy in the ordinary common law involved the fact that the only remedy was damages that is, compensation, therefore, the court rates did not exist to make people to do something or to desist from some conduct, for example, sell as piece of land according to an agreement made or stop utilise a particular title. Dissatisfied litigants frequently preferred to petition the King for him to mediate in a specific case, the courts were, in any case, the Kings courts. These petitions for justice were dealt with by the Kings premier who determined each case according to his own discretion. Over the years, the decisions made by Lord Chancellor became known as the rules of equity, derived from the Latin meaning levelling. These new-found rules came to be applied in a special court, the Chancellors Court, which became identified as the Court of Chancery. Equity began to appear as an apparent set of principles, rather than a personal jurisdiction of the Chancellor, during the Chancellorship of Lord Nottingham in 1673. By the end of Lord Eldons Chancellorship in 1827 equity was recognized as a precise jurisdiction.Nevertheless the festering of a parallel but distinct system of dispute resolution was sure bound to generate a conflict. An individual wronged by a failure of the common law to remedy a gross injustice would apply to the court of equity. The Chancellor, if the case recognised it, would approve of a remedy preventing the common law court from imposing its order. The catharsis transpired in the Earl ofOxfords Case, where the court of common law ordered the payment of a debt. The debt had previously been paid, but the deed giving affect to the requirement had not been cancelled. The court of equity was prepared to grant an order preventing this and res olving the deed. The collision was in due course resolved in favour of equity where there is an inconsistency, equity prevails. This rule is now preserved in the Supreme Court Act 1981, s 49.The history of equity is regarded by its constant ebb and flow between compatibility and competition with the common law. More juvenile developments in equity include, for example, the recognition of restrictive covenants, the expansion of remedies, the development of doctrines such as proprietary estoppel, the enhanced status of contractual indorses, and the new model structural religious belief. There is an effort, then again, to validate these new developments, which are all illustrations of judicial inspiration, by precedent. As Bagnall J said in Cowcher vCowcher this does not mean that equity is past childbearing simply that its progeny must be legitimate- by precedent out of principle. It is well that this should be so otherwise no lawyer could safely advise on his clients title and ev ery quarrel would lead to a law-suit.In all probability the single or so significant feature of equity is the trust. If title to any property is vested in a person as trustee for another, equity not only restrains the trustee from denying his trust and setting himself up as absolute owner, but impresses on the trustee positive duties of good faith towards the other person. Although one of the original development of equity, the protection granted to equitable owners behind a trust has developed considerably over the last 50 years.Remedies represent some interesting illustrations of the difference between law and equity a difference which arose as an accident of history, according to Lord Nicholls in A-G v Blake. Ordinarily legal rights and remedies remain infract from equitable ones. Some similarities do, nevertheless, occur. For illustration, an injunction, an equitable remedy, can be sought for an anticipatory split up of contract, or to stop a nuisance, both common law claims . In A-G v Blake, the House of Lords authorized the equitable remedy of account of profits for an assertion for violation of contract where the common law remedy of damages would slang been insufficient. The equitable remedy of account of profits is usually accessible where there is a fiduciary relationship but the House of Lords endorsed its request otherwise in exceptional cases where it was the operative way to remedy a wrong. By distinction, in Seager v Copydex, proceedings were brought for breach of confidence in regard for confidential in makeup exposed by the defendants about a carpet grip. Such a claim is equitable and normally the equitable remedies of injunction and account are obtainable. On the other hand, an injunction would have been unsuccessful and he decide awarded damages. It would appear, consequently that a common law remedy is available for an equitable claim for breach of confidence.The new model constructive trust resulted in the main due to the resourceful activity of Lord Denning MR. In Hussey v Palmer, Lord Denning explained the constructive trust as one imposed by the law wherever justice and good conscience require it. Cases such as Eves v Eves, where the woman was awarded an equitable interest in the property signifying her involvement in terms of heavy work, and Cooke v Head, a comparable case, regard this progress only. On the other hand, it competency be that this progression has come to a standstill since the retirement of Lord Denning. A number of modern cases, including Lloyds Bank v Rosset, have re-established former political theory in this sphere relating to the survival of a common intention that an equitable interest should occur, and the existence of a direct financial contribution. These ethics are more analogous to those relating to the formation of a resulting trust.The new model constructive trust has been for the most part thriving in the field of licences. At common law, a contractual licence was controlled by the doctrine of privity of contract, and failed to present protection against a third gear party. Equitable remedies have been made accessible to avoid a licensor violating a contractual licence and to permit a licence to bind third parties.It has been acknowledged that certain licences may produce an equitable proprietary interest by means of a constructive trust or proprietary estoppel. In Binions v Evans, it was decided by Lord Denning that purchasers were compelled by a contractual licence between the former owners and Mrs Evans, an occupant. A constructive trust was imposed in her preference as the purchasers had bought specifically subject to Mrs Evans interest and had, for those grounds, paid a trim back price. Also in RE Sharpe, a constructive trust was imposed on a trustee in bankruptcy regarding an interest obtained by an aunt who lent money to her nephew for a house purchase on the arrangement that she could live there for the rest of her life.The volatility of these progressing fields is once more shown in recent case law which seems to hold back from an advancement which may have pushed the boundaries too far. Obiter dicta from the Court of Appeal in Ashburn Anstalt v W JArnold Co, accepted in Habermann v Koehler, propose that a licence will only give effect to a constructive trust where the conscience of a third party is influenced it will be imposed where their behaviour so deserves. Judicial resourcefulness in equitable disciplines is therefore made subject to refinements by judges in later cases.Proprietary estoppel is an additional illustration of an equitable doctrine which has seen momentous progression in the interest in justice ever since its formation in the leading case of Dillwyn v Llewelyn. The dogma is established on encouragement and acquiescence whereby equity was equipped to arbitrate and adjust the rights of the parties. Its relevance has been further improved by the Court of Appeal in Gillet vHolt, where a wider line of at tack to the doctrine was taken that depended, eventually, on the unconscionability of the act. Once more, it is an advancement which is outside of the arrangement of property rights and their registration recognized by Parliament.Cases such as Jennings v Rice show that the principle of proprietary estoppel and the protection of licences by estoppel continue to be a successful means used by the judges for the protection of licences and equitable rights. The extent to which the right welcomes protection is adaptable owing to the conditions of the particular case. For example, in Matharu v Matharu, the licence did not bestow a beneficial interest but presented to the respondent a right to live in the house for the rest of her life.A different prevailing progression in equity has resulted from the decision of the House of Lords in Barclays Bank plc v OBrien. The case has proclaimed the re-emergence in a broad sense of the equitable doctrine of light upon. They present that, where ther e is undue influence over a co-mortgagor or surety, this may provide augmentation to a right to prevent the transaction. This right to avoid the transaction amounts to an equity of which the mortgagee may be considered to have constructive notice. This revivification of the equitable doctrine of notice in a contemporary situation reveals evidently the flexibility of equity. A number of cases pursued this pronouncement. In Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge, the House of Lords fixed down common procedures for the application of the doctrine of notice in this situation.In summary equity fulfils the common law, although it does not endeavour to displace it with a example code. There have been setbacks and refinements, over the last 50 years, in the progress of new doctrines relating to the trust, above all when later judges seek to rationalise and merge new ideology. Nonetheless it is apparent that equity remains its traditions, and prevails over the common law in the event of conflic t.

Philippine Bureaucracy Essay -- social issues

Philippine BureaucracyI. A POLITICAL SYSTEM DEFINES ITS BUREAUCRACY That the Philippine government has consistently failed in satisfying the needs and growing expectations of the Filipino people is a fact rather than a perception. What is widely perceived however, is that much(prenominal) failure of government is only due to the inefficiency of its bureaucracy to produce and deliver public goods and improvements. To accept the perception that the inefficiency of the bureaucracy is the main culprit in the failu re of government is to grant the dichotomization of the orientation of governance and the administration of its affairs.The form and substance of the bureaucracy as the main machinery of government is heavily defined by the latters policies and politics. It cannot be expected to produce and deliver goods and services corresponding to the needs of the people if the policies of government are anti-people. In the same manner that the bureaucracy cannot ascertain differently a nd independently of the ills of th e Philippine political organisation. A political system is based on its economic foundation thus it is beyond doubt that economic power makes political power. In a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society such as the Philippines, it is easy to conclude that the fo reign investors, their local counterparts such as the big compradors and landlords, who are the main players in the economy, control the state thru their cohorts in government. That it is their business, to effectively manage the affairs of the bureaucrac y as a fashion and source of graft and corruption for further self-aggrandizement and their perpetuation in power.The basic issue of the misprioritization and misutilization of the national budget clearly represents that the business of governance depends on the interests of the power holders rather than the people they govern. The coming of the public debt aspect in the 80s worsens the misprioritization of governments annual budget in fa vor of foreign debt payment allocations and is usually followed by t he national defense budget, the sum of which account for about three-fourths (3/4) of its grand total. As the foreign debt payment becomes automatic the government went into dearth spending, in order to correct this, the International Monetary Fund-World Bank (IMF-WB) prescribed the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) which included the aust... ... a dictator.Ramos has improved the blue grade of mar tial rule of Marcos, why not, when he has the comparative advantage of being educated at West Point which is one of the best training reasonableness of agents of the imperialist United States of America. His regime has not reached desperation as its psychologica l-war tactics are still effective in a situation which does not withal necessitate an open fascist rule.From the point of view of the CESOs and the rank and file of government employees, the process of re-engineering the bureaucracy is but another exercise o f patronage system in the positioning of the proteges of the politicians and the high bureaucrats. While in the process, victimizing hundreds of thousands of government personnel who shall be dismissed in violation of the merit system of the civil service and their security of tenure. For the public sector workers, this is another round of their continuing struggle to defend their rights as workers much more their right to a source of livelihood. As they have proven that the exercise of their strength thr u their organization is their reliable instrument to protect their interests, such is the route that they shall take.

The Conclusion for Judges Essay example -- essays research papers

The Conclusion for JudgesThe admit of Judges tells of an era in Israel in which the people of the land had no king. This book follows the incidents of twelve individuals whom were selected by God and sh throw favor to stretch start the Israelites out of the hands of the oppressors of their days. A judge is a military official known for his or her braveness in battles or incidents and nothing to a greater extent than a mere warlord. This individual was given authority over decision-making and political squabbles among the people of Israel since there was no king. A judge would arise in the time of need and lead the tribe or tribes to victory over their enemies. God would show favor unto the judges and they would lead the people of Israel for their lifetime. The book of Judges displays an era of chaos in which the people of Israel did what was right in their opinion. This period is full of utter chaos in which the pretermit of leadership led to idolatry, rape, murder, the absence of unity among the tribes, and disorder. The last verse in Judges reads, In those days there was no king in Israel completely the people did what right in their own eyes (2125), this conclusion is perfect for a book whose entire writings describe a time of such turmoil.The most prevalent form of worship throughout the book of Judges is idolatry. This is one of the sins of the covenant but the people of Israel for some reason cannot abandon this usance among themselves. Idolatry is the worship of an idol, statue, or some another(prenominal) god or gods. The most popular among the people of Israel were Baal and Astartes. The people of Israel may have been led in a different path if there would have been some sort of leadership or power. Instead, the people of Israel followed a judge by the name of Gideon who created an ephod out of golden earrings for them to worship. There are several incidents throughout the book of Judges that exemplify the worship of idols, which resulted in the anger of God. The people of Israel take up gods from other towns and worship them, also. The charge of a king may have changed this due to the fact he would have been able to shed insight on a specific religion among the people.A disturbing fact of the book of Judges was the senseless raping of women throughout this wretched era. A Levite mans concubine was pillaged in a town of which he should be able to trust the people. The men of the town initiall... ...bout. Some of the worst battles were fought as a source of punish of one person being wronged. Entire towns are slaughtered for the deeds of one or two individuals. Husbands are betrayed to the death by wives for the mere price of xi hundred pieces of silver, entire races of people are nearly wiped out because of the action of several ruthless men. This disorder itself would allow the last verse of Judges to be a great conclusion for the book.In conclusion, the verse, In those days there was no king in Israel all the peo ple did what was right in their own eyes (2125), is an apt conclusion for a book written of a disorderly era. The era in which Judges is written about needed the presence of a king or some type of monarchy. The people of Israel took the law into their own hands, they handled problems to the best of their abilities but this was not sufficed. They needed some form of sure leadership so that all of the tribes would be of one accord. This could not be accomplished with the thoughts of all of the tribes being vaguely different. Everyone doing what they felt was right only caused for more problems, which would only lead to working harder on trying to fix those.