Rising Sea Level Essay Example For Students

Rising Sea Level Essay Rising Sea LevelRising sea levels have been disturbing geographers and geologists forsome time now. Scientists are constantly trying to prevent the effectsrising waters are causing, which mainly includes beach and island erosion. So far, their attempts with man-made development on beaches along the easterncoast of America have only made things worse. Up and down the U.S. coast, public money is subsidizing private propertyon islands made of sand, the stuff on which, as the Bible says, only foolsbuild (Ackerman 7). In recent years there has been a trend towards livingon the barrier islands of Americas Atlantic Coast. High rise condominiums,numerous shops, and several businesses have been built to sustain largepopulations on these islands and continue to be built. As a result, thisvital chain of islands that lies between the ocean and the mainland areat risk. While interfering with the natural configuration of these islands, humanconstruction has advanced the rate of beach erosion, thus leaving the mainlandwith no barriers during times of high surf. This effect has also led tocostly, unnatural ways to preserve the barrier islands. Saving these islandsin their natural state by curbing human encroachment will both protectmainland populations from high surf and save a considerable amount of federalmoney. The barrier islands are a chain of islands, stretching from NewYork to southern Texas, that have served as a critical barrier from theAtlantic Ocean for well over the past 4,500 years (Ackerman 23). These islands however are not as stable as those who live on them wouldlike it to be. Beaches, and in fact whole islands, are constantly erodedas they are subjected to varying winds, currents and changing sea levels. Along Floridas East Coast, roughly 368 miles, the average shoreline changeis retreating 22cm per year. Under natural conditions, native vegetationand shifting sands constantly replace or withhold sand on the islands (16). Unfortunately for the inhabitants of the barrier islands, this is a geologicalbehavior which can only continue if the islands remain in a natural state. In recent years humans on these shorelines and islands have been respondingto the naturally changing conditions, through the use of man made structuressuch as seawalls, groins, and sand replenishment, in an effort to savebeachfront property from erosion. Obstructing the natural shifts of the islands, says Orrin Pilkey ofDuke University who has studied these islands for thirty years, will causethem to, be lost forever (16-17). Attempting to hold beaches in placewith the use of seawalls, groins, and sand replenishment may seem likea good solution in theory, but in practice they probe ineffective. Oneof the most common methods of attempting to hold barrier island beachesin place is through the use of sea walls, which are costly and ineffective. Seawalls are typically cement walls constructed parallel to the seashorein an effort to block waves from coming over the beach and into property. However, seawalls tend to withhold sand behind the wall during times ofhigh surf and the natural tendency of the beach to respond to waves isdisturbed (Kaufman 207). The structures commonly fail from undermining or erosion by waves breakingover their tops. Under normal conditions sand would be spread out by outgoingcurrents, which in turn would lower the slope of the beach and cause thewaves to break gradually. With seawalls in place, sand remains stationarywhile waves erode the beach as wave energy is deflected against sand notprotected by the seawall (208). In addition to advancing the erosion rateof the sand and inhibiting the beaches natural tendencies, seawalls havebecome quite costly to maintain. For example, in New York $120 millionwas paid by the federal government to sustain and replenish seawall installationsas of 1996, and repairs continue to be made (Dixon 231). Clearly, thismethod is both costly and ineffective. Another commonly used method ofstopping erosion is the placement of groins, which are also ineffective. .u36cc8f02e246052aade49e159c675e91 , .u36cc8f02e246052aade49e159c675e91 .postImageUrl , .u36cc8f02e246052aade49e159c675e91 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u36cc8f02e246052aade49e159c675e91 , .u36cc8f02e246052aade49e159c675e91:hover , .u36cc8f02e246052aade49e159c675e91:visited , .u36cc8f02e246052aade49e159c675e91:active { border:0!important; } .u36cc8f02e246052aade49e159c675e91 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u36cc8f02e246052aade49e159c675e91 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u36cc8f02e246052aade49e159c675e91:active , .u36cc8f02e246052aade49e159c675e91:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u36cc8f02e246052aade49e159c675e91 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u36cc8f02e246052aade49e159c675e91 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u36cc8f02e246052aade49e159c675e91 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u36cc8f02e246052aade49e159c675e91 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u36cc8f02e246052aade49e159c675e91:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u36cc8f02e246052aade49e159c675e91 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u36cc8f02e246052aade49e159c675e91 .u36cc8f02e246052aade49e159c675e91-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u36cc8f02e246052aade49e159c675e91:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pearl Harbor - The United States Should Have Antic EssayGroins are pilings of rocks that extend into the ocean and perpendicularto the shore. Like seawalls, the primary purpose of a groin is to trapsand, but in longshore currents rather than sand deposits already on thebeach. Contrary to their intended purpose, these structures trap sand on theside facing a longshore current and leave the opposite side without sand(Kaufman 207). Over time, the side not facing longshore currents erodesand the initial problem reoccurs. Once again, after the unsuccessful useof groins, money and resources must be spent to restore the beach. A recentmethod of stopping erosion, and perhaps the most expensive, is that ofsand replenishment. Sand replenishment uses dredging techniques to pipesand from offshore deposits to the beach in an attempt to replace sand. This operation is also costly and the sand is usually lost in a major storm. Renourished beaches have a shorter life due to compaction and sea bottomimbalance differences. One example of its cost is that of Sea Bright beachwhere, at one million dollars a square mile; their beach was replenished(Ackerman 29). The total cost of this operation, which lasted between 1994 and 1996,was $36 million (29). These are just a few of the myriad of inadequateattempts to stop seashore erosion. Not only do these human obstructionsto the natural course of nature cause an accelerated erosion, millionsof government dollars are being lost in the process of attempting to savebeach front property from natural erosion. There are over 90 Federal navigationprojects and 21 Federal shore protection projects in Florida alone. Theseprojects have an annual maintenance cost of $32 million. Stephen Leatherman,head of the Coastal Research laboratory at the University of Maryland,suggests that, In nourishment projects locals pitch in about5 percent, state and county tax payers pay about 30 percent, and the federalgovernment pays the rest (Ackerman 30). Apparently, at the cost of theAmerican government, large sums of money are being spent on these futileefforts to stop natural occurrences. Recently in the past few years, anew attribute has been looked at. A bulge formed by Ice Age glaciers isslowly settling, while the mid-Atlantic coast is falling. In many places,the sea is taking back the land at the rate of about an inch every 25 years. Originally, scientists pondered why the sea level was rising fasterbetween Florida and New York than farther north. They hypothesized thatit must have been a shift in the Gulf Stream, but this new research showingthe fall of the land proved them wrong. Regardless, sea levels continueto rise and scientists are running out of ideas to prevent this from happening. Global sea level has risen 4 to 10 inches during the past 100 years becauseof global warming. By year 2050, a 16-inch sea-level rise is projected. Consequences of a higher sea-level to our coastal areas have not only includederosion, but some believe other effects it will have will include: tourism,the availability of drinking water, and damage from storms. The only effectivesolution that seems practical at the moment, without risking such largesums of money, is that human occupations of these islands become restricted. In most cases, people probably come to the seashore for recreation andrarely for necessity. Why not just live minutes away on the mainland andavoid having millions of dollars being spent on keeping beachfront propertyfrom washing away? This way federal money currently being spent on coastalprojects, such as seawalls, groins and sand replenishment, can be allocatedto more pressing problems of our nation. Until another economical solution,which does not contribute to the problem of erosion, is possible peopleshould minimize residential development on the barrier islands before boththe beaches and money wash away. .u63398d287d8307d142d1aaca76c8bf3b , .u63398d287d8307d142d1aaca76c8bf3b .postImageUrl , .u63398d287d8307d142d1aaca76c8bf3b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u63398d287d8307d142d1aaca76c8bf3b , .u63398d287d8307d142d1aaca76c8bf3b:hover , .u63398d287d8307d142d1aaca76c8bf3b:visited , .u63398d287d8307d142d1aaca76c8bf3b:active { border:0!important; } .u63398d287d8307d142d1aaca76c8bf3b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u63398d287d8307d142d1aaca76c8bf3b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u63398d287d8307d142d1aaca76c8bf3b:active , .u63398d287d8307d142d1aaca76c8bf3b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u63398d287d8307d142d1aaca76c8bf3b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u63398d287d8307d142d1aaca76c8bf3b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u63398d287d8307d142d1aaca76c8bf3b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u63398d287d8307d142d1aaca76c8bf3b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u63398d287d8307d142d1aaca76c8bf3b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u63398d287d8307d142d1aaca76c8bf3b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u63398d287d8307d142d1aaca76c8bf3b .u63398d287d8307d142d1aaca76c8bf3b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u63398d287d8307d142d1aaca76c8bf3b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hitler And Stalin EssayBibliography Ackerman, Jennifer. Islands at the Edge. National Geographic. August, 1997:2-31. Dean, G. Robert M.D. Review of Long-Term ShorelineChanges in Florida Online. AOL. http://bigfoot.wes.army.mil/6727.htmlDixon, Katherine L., and Orrin H. Pilkey. The Corps and the shore. Washington,D.C: Island Press, 1996. Head, M. Clarence and Marcus, B. Robert. The Faceof Florida. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 1998:144-147 Kaufman, Wallace,and Orrin H. Pilkey. The beaches are moving: the drowning of Americasshoreline. New York: Anchor Press, 1979.

Sir Isaac Newton Essays (1212 words) - Classical Mechanics

Sir Isaac Newton Topics in Geometry A Research Project Presented To The Department Of Mathematics Of Thomas Edison High School In Partial Fulfillment Of The Course In Geometry Sir Isaac Newton was born on January 4, 1643, in Woolsthorpe, near Grantham in Lincolnshire. He went to Grantham grammar school. When he was young, he was interested in mechanical devices than in studying. His youth inventions included, a water clock and a sundial. Isaac's father had died when he was three years old and left the family with little money. His widowed spouse soon remarried, leaving Isaac in the of his grandmother. She had three more children and widowed a second time. Since Isaac paid little attention to the family farm because he spent so much time reading, he was sent back to grammar school in Grantham. Later, in the summer of 1661, he went to Trinity College, at the University of Cambridge. He learned of the scientific revolution that had been going on in Europe through the work of Galileo, Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, and Ren? Descartes. Newton received his bachelor's degree in 1665. Two years later after avoiding the plague, Newton return to Trinity College where he was elected to a fellowship in 1667. Newton received his master's degree in 1668. Newton retracted much of the established curriculum of the university to pursue his interest such as mathematics and natural philosophy. Continuing entirely on his own, he analyzed recent developments in mathematics and natural philosophy. Eventually, he made discoveries that played an important part in his career in science. He became Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge in 1669. He lectured once a week on Geometry, astronomy, optics, arithmetic, or other mathematical subjects. Three years later he invented the reflecting telescope. In 1687 he published his work, ?Principia'(Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), setting forward the theory of gravity. In 1696 Newton was named warden of the mint where at that time a complete recoinage and standardization of coins were taking place. When the project was finished in 1699, he was made master of the mint. He was elected president of the Royal Society in 1703 and was knighted in 1705. Newton also engaged in a vicious argument with Leibniz over the priority of the invention of calculus. The effects of the quarrel inevitably lend to his death. Newton died in London on March 20, 1727, and was honored with a burial. Accomplishments One of Isaac Newton greatest achievement was the three laws of motion. Despite these three laws, they are not related to things such as air resistance or other kinds of friction. Newton's first law states that any body moving uniformly in a straight line of in a state of rest will remain in uniform motion in a straight line or in a state of rest unless it is acted upon by some outside force. This means when in motion you will remain in motion or if in a state of rest you remain at rest unless you are move by something. When kept in motion when in motion or at rest, it is called inertia. Whenever in motion, both acceleration and deceleration require subduing the inertia of an object. Newton's second law of motion states what happens when a force is applied to a moving body. The change in motion depends on the force on the object. It also depends on the size of the force and the mass of the object. The greater the force, the greater the acceleration and the greater the mass of the object, the smaller the acceleration. Acceleration or deceleration of an object depends on the direction of the force. The effects of two or more forces moving on the path of an object are determined by means of vectors. A vector is the of force and direction in which it moves. Forces acting on a single point are called concurrent forces. Suppose a rowboat is being pulled forward along a shore of a lake by someone. At the sametime, someone else in the rowboat uses an oar to push the boat away from the shore. This is an example of concurrent forces. Newton's third law of motion states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. This is a perfect example

Inclusion1 essays

Inclusion1 essays According to the Curry School of Education, approximately 80% of students with learning disabilities receive the majority of their instruction in the general classroom (Inclusion. http://curry.edschool.virginia.edu/curry/dept/cise/ose.html. 10 Oct. 1999). That number is expected to rise as teachers and parents become aware of the benefits of inclusion. Because there are so many disabled students in regular schools, it is important to look at whether or not mainstreaming is necessary for their education. For parents, having their disabled children mainstreamed into regular education can be a difficult choice. Although disabled childrens education can be more challenging in regular schools, the benefits of inclusion include enhanced self-esteem, development of social skills, and exposure to regular curriculum. Many people believe mainstreaming only helps disabled children, but there are many challenges that hurt their education rather than help. Both faculty and students can be cruel to disabled students. Because they are not used to interacting with disabled children, faculty and students may be uncomfortable with the situation and be insensitive to the disabled children. By ignoring the disabled children or treating them badly, the children will lose self-esteem and may disrupt the class in order to show their unhappiness. Some teachers are not familiar with teaching disabled children, so the education is lacking for the children. Teachers may continue to teach their classes at an accelerated level, forgetting about the slower students. The students will then fall behind and get frustrated with the situation. All these factors hurt disabled childrens education and will hurt their chances at succeeding in life. Being in a regular school can help disabled children feel better about themselves and their accomplishments. When disabled children complete a more challenging task, they may ...

The History of Modern-Day Myanmar (Burma)

The History of Modern-Day Myanmar (Burma) Burma is the largest country in mainland Southeast Asia, which officially has been named the Union of Myanmar since 1989. This name-change is sometimes seen as part of an attempt by the ruling military junta to stamp out the populist, colloquial form of the Burmese language, and promote the literary form. Geographically situated along the Bay of Bengal and bordered by Bangladesh, India, China, Thailand and Laos, Burma has a long history of odd decisions and peculiar struggles for power. Strangely, the military government of Burma suddenly moved the national capital from Yangon to the new city of Naypyidaw in 2005, on the advice of an astrologer. From Prehistoric Nomads to Imperial Burma Like many  East  and Central Asian  countries, archeological evidence suggests that humanoids have wandered Burma from as long as 75,000 years ago, with the first record of homo sapien foot traffic in the area dating back to 11,000 B.C. By 1500, the Bronze Age had struck the peoples of the region as they began producing bronze tools and growing rice, and by 500 they began working with iron as well.   The first city-states formed around 200 B.C.by the Pyu people - who could be attributed as the lands first true inhabitants. Trade with India brought with it cultural and political norms that would later influence Burmese culture, namely through the spread of Buddhism. However, it wouldnt be until the 9th century A.D. that internal war for territory forced the Burmese to organize into one central government. In the mid-to-late 10th century, the Bamar settled a new central city of Bagan, collecting many of the rival  city-states and independent nomads as allies, finally unifying in the late 1950s as the Pagan Kingdom. Here, the Burmese language and culture were allowed to dominate the Pyu and Pali norms that came before them. Mongol Invasion, Civil Unrest and Reunification Although the leaders of the Pagan Kingdom led Burma to great economic and spiritual prosperity - erecting over 10,000 Buddhist temples across the country - their relatively long reign came crashing to an end after repeated attempts by the Mongol armies to overthrow and claim their capital city from 1277 to 1301. For over 200 years, Burma fell into political chaos without a city-state to lead its people. From there, the country fractured into two kingdoms: the coastline empire of the Hanthawaddy Kingdom and the northern Ava Kingdom, who was eventually overrun by the Confederation of Shan States from 1527 to 1555. Still, despite these internal conflicts, Burmese culture greatly expanded during this time. Thanks to the shared cultures of all three groups, scholars and artisans of each kingdom created great works of literature and art that still live on to this day.   Colonialism and British Burma Although the Burmese were able to reunify under the Taungoo for much of the 17th century, their empire was short lived. The First Anglo-Burmese War of 1824 to 1826 suffered Burma a massive defeat, losing Manipur, Assam, Tenasserim and Arakan to British forces. Again, 30 years later, the British returned to take Lower Burma as a result of the Second Anglo-Burmese War. Finally, in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of 1885, the British annexed the rest of Burma. Under British control, the rulers of British Burma sought to keep their influence and culture present despite their overlords. Still, the British governance saw a destruction of social, economic, administrative and cultural norms in Burma and a new era of civil unease. This continued up until the end of World War II when the Panglong Agreement forced other ethnic leaders to guarantee Myanmar independence as a unified state. The committee who signed the agreement quickly assembled a team and formed a doctrine to govern their newly unified nation. However, it wasnt quite the government the original founders were hoping for that actually came to be. Independence and Today The Union of Burma officially became an independent republic on January 4, 1948, with U Nu as its first Prime Minister and Shwe Thaik its president. Multi-party elections were held in 1951, 52, 56, and 1960 with the people electing a bicameral parliament as well as their president and prime minister. All seemed well for the newly modernized nation - until unrest shook the nation yet again. Early in the morning on March 2, 1962, General Ne Win used a military coup dà ©tat to take Burma. Since that day, Burma has been under a military governance for most of its modern history. This militarized government sought to streamline everything from business to media and production to form a hybrid nation built on socialism and nationalism. However, 1990 saw the first free elections in 30 years, allowing the people to vote for their State Peace and Development Council members, a system which remained in place until 2011  when a representative democracy was instated throughout the country. The military-controlled days of government were over, it seemed, for the people of Myanmar.   In 2015, the citizens of the country held their first general elections with the National League for Democracy taking the majority in both national parliament chambers and placing  Ktin Kyaw as the first elected non-military president since the coup of 62. A prime minister-type role, called the State Counsellor, was established in 2016 and Aung San Suu Kyi took the role.

Human Resource Plan in Zeagol Company Ltd Research Paper

Human Resource Plan in Zeagol Company Ltd - Research Paper Example Zeagol Company Ltd was established in 1986 and has been operating in the pharmaceuticals industry since then. This company produces and markets drugs, medicinal chemicals, and other pharmaceutical products to laboratories in the state of California. This company has a comprehensive compensation and benefits package that is aimed at retaining and compensating, its five hundred employee base, which has been responsible for its profitability and growth. This paper designs a project charter to give a face-lift to this compensation and benefits package. Project Charter to Revamp the Compensation and Benefits Package This charter is created to formally authorize a project to develop and implement an upgrade to the existing compensation and benefits package. Included in this charter is a scope statement; a communication plan; and a work breakdown structure. The scope of the Project 1. Background In the past two years this company boasted of having an employee base of seven hundred laborers. This indicates that the number of employees has decreased by nearly twenty-eight percent. One major reason for this decreased number is last year’s mass layoff that was carried out with an aim of doing away with the irrelevant and needles job positions. In this layoff, several departments were all also merged with an aim of reducing costs. Unfortunately, this layoff plan has not worked to the advantage of this company, since two years down the line this company’s profits have been declining ever since this mass layoff was carried out. Somehow this layoff plan affected the employees psychologically since the remaining ones either lost the morale to work or resigned for greener pastures. This resignation trend has increased since the beginning of this year, with some of the employees opting to leave unceremoniously without any formal notification. An attempt was made to solve this issue by changing the human resource manager, but this is not enough. It is important to t his company the greener pasture that will attract the best employees in the market, and this can only be done through major changes in the compensation and benefits packages. Currently, this company’s compensation and benefits package are structured as below, The employee’s benefits include the pension and retirement plans, life and health insurance packages, and the federally required unemployment and workers compensations. The employee compensation covers the wage and salary program and structure for the different job categories and levels. This company’s paying method has been conducted in line with the base pay method where employees are compensated depending on their role in the organization (Mathias & Jackson, 2010, p. 27).  Ã‚  

An Analytical Remuneration of Writing Skills Personal Statement - 5

An Analytical Remuneration of Writing Skills - Personal Statement Example Initially, it was an intimidating experience filled with apprehensions and anxieties. However, the encouragement provided by a highly competent and qualified instructor prodded me to endeavor to enhance my writing skills. Through observing grammatical rules and by indicating weaknesses in structure and form, I had begun to improve in terms of gaining confidence in writing and in applying the rules for effective writing. In this regard, it is my personal conviction that I am given the privilege to pass the UWSK course as a prelude to more gratifying writing experiences in the future. The UWSK accorded me with the opportunity to develop diverse skills pertinent to writing. One of the major skills learned was an observance of essay structures which encompasses important rules in grammar, including observance of correct spelling and punctuation marks. My initial essay (Out of Class Essay #1) on Illegal Immigration observed appropriate structure by presenting an introduction (which could actually be fairly long), a body (with arguments presenting claims and reasons) and an appropriate conclusion. I took ample time to clearly evaluate correct spelling and phrasing with the use of the required punctuation marks. I realize that there is still a tendency for me to lengthen my discussion of a particular topic creating the tendency to divert into another topic. Of course, one cannot be expected to come up with a perfect essay in a few tries. Another skill that has been developed through the UWSK course is the skill of introspection – the ability to contemplate on one’s thoughts and feelings prior to writing. As indicated in the standard instructions prior to any writing experience, one must brainstorm to gather thoughts, information, details of what I want to write, and how I plan to write these ideas in a structure which would assist the reader in understanding the message that I want to relay.

Malaysian Economy Essay Example for Free

Malaysian Economy Essay The Malaysian economy is expected to strengthen further and projected to grow at a faster rate of 4.5% to 5.5% in 2013 supported by improving exports and strong domestic demand. In the Economic Report 2012/2013 released by the Ministry of Finance (MoF) last Friday, it said the assumption was based on the global growth that will pick up especially during the second-half of 2013 (2H13). It said that it was also premised upon the expectation of an improvement in the resolution of a debt crisis in the euro-area and stronger growth in the economies of Malaysia’s major trading partners. The Economic Report 2012/2013 was released in conjunction with the national Budget 2013 that was presented by the prime minister last Friday. It said that given that the domestic economy is expected to strengthen further in 2013; inflation is estimated to increase moderately mitigated by further capacity expansion in the economy. On the supply side, growth in 2013 is expected to be broad-based supported by expansion in all sectors of the economy. Of significance, the external trade-related industries are envisaged to benefit from stronger global growth, particularly during the 2H13. It said that the services and manufacturing sectors are expected to contribute 4.2 percentage points to the gross domestic product growth. MoF said that the prospects in the services sector are expected to remain upbeat in 2013, with the accelerated implementation with major initiatives under the National Key Result Areas and continued investment in the seven services subsectors under the National Key Economic Areas. It said that these initiatives are expected to drive the wholesale and retail trade, finance and insurance, and communication subsectors, which are expected to grow 6.8%, 5.2% and 8.2% (2012 :5.7%; 4.2%; 9.3%) respectively. On the value-added of the manufacturing sector, MoF said that it is expected to grow 4.9%, (2012 :4.2%) with export oriented industries expected to  benefit from the higher growth of global trade, while domestic oriented industries expand in line with better consumer sentiment and business confidence. MoF said that the electrical and electronic (EE) subsector is expected to grow further, driven by higher demand for electronic equipment and parts as well as semiconductors in line with recovery in advanced economies. On the agricultural sector, MoF said that it is expected to grow 2.4% (2012:0.6%) following the recovery in the output of plantation commodities. MoF said that the production of crude palm oil is envisaged to rebound 2.5% to 18.9 million tonnes (2012: -2.5%; 18.4 million tonnes) on account of expanded matured areas to 4.44 million hectares (2012: 4.38 million hectares). On the mining sector, the report said that it is expected to expand 2.7% (2012: 1.5%) on account of higher production of crude oil and natural gas. â€Å"Production of crude oil is projected to increase 3.6% to 600,000 barrels per day (bpd) (2012: 1.6%; 579,000 bpd) due to higher regional demand,† said MoF. It added that several new oil fields are expected to start production in 2013, contributing to higher production of crude oil. On the construction sector, MoF said that it is envisaged to expand strongly at 11.2% (2012: 15.5%) with all the subsectors registering steady growth. On the domestic demand, MoF said that it is expected to grow at 5.6% (2012: 9.4%) and will remain the main driver of growth in 2013 underpinned by strong private sector expenditure. The report added that private consumption is projected to expand 5.7% (2012: 7%) on account of higher disposable income arising from better employment outlook, firm commodity prices and the wealth effect from the stable performance on the stock market following strong domestic economic activities. On private investment, Malaysia is expected to post a strong growth of 13.3% in 2013 (2012: 11.7%) attributed to the ongoing implementation of the Economic Transformation Programme projects. MoF said that public investment will continue to support growth and is expected to expand 4.2% in 2013 (2012: 15.9%) driven by higher capital outlays by the non-financial public enterprises (NFPE’s) and development expenditure by the federal government. It said that capital of the NFPEs will focus on the upstream oil and gas, transport, communication and utility industries. It added that in line with the expansion in domestic economic activities, national income in current prices is expected to increase 7.8% in 2013. The report also said that gross national savings is expected to expand strongly by 11.1%, with the private sector accounting 72.3% of total savings. On the balance of payments, MoF said that it is projected to remain favourable with current account continuing to record a higher surplus of RM71.9 billion or 7.3% of the gross national income. It said that the surplus in the goods account is projected to expand RM126.5 billion. â€Å"In 2013, exports are estimated to grow 3.9% (2012: 2.4%) supported by higher commodity exports and improving global EE demand. The MoF said that inline with increased domestic activity as as to meet increased inputs for the manufacturing sector, imports are projected to grow at a faster rate of 5.2% (2012: 6.5%). On the services account, the report said that it is expected to improve with a lower deficit of RM8.2 billion driven by large surplus in the travel account, following expectations higher tourist arrivals. MoF said that other components in the services account are expected to remain a deficit.